Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly
type: channel
description: The Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly (CI&CEQ), as an international peer-reviewed research journal, invites contributions of original and novel fundamental research related to chemical industry and chemical engineering and connected areas. Papers describing novel theory and its application to practice as well as those reporting experimental work, which is soundly interpreted, are welcome. Articles published in this Journal are indexed in InCitesTMJournal Citation ReportsR - Clarivate and SCOPUS. The full search of the Journal is available through DOAJ. Need a Username/Password? P lease Register. Already have a Username/Password for CICEQ? GO TO LOGIN! Manuscript Submission Starting from June 2023 Processing Fee is 200 EUR +20 % VAT Editor-in-Chief Vlada Veljković Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, Bulevar oslobođenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia Associate Editors Srđan Pejanović Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Serbia Dunja Sokolović Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Ivona Radović Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Serbia Online ISSN 2217-7434 Print ISSN 1451-9372 This is an open access journal, which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.
publisher: Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia
language: en
publication name: Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly
issn: 1451-9372
copyright: Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors grant to the Publisher the following rights to the manuscript, including any supplemental material, and any parts, extracts or elements thereof: the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand; the right to produce prepublications, reprints, and special editions of the Manuscript; the right to translate the Manuscript into other languages; the right to reproduce the Manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these reproductions; the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript electronically or optically on any and all data carriers or storage media – especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-Rom, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini-Disk, data tape – and the right to reproduce and distribute the Article via these data carriers; the right to store the Manuscript in databases, including online databases, and the right of transmission of the Manuscript in all technical systems and modes; the right to make the Manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the internet, other online services, or via internal or external networks.
items: Author Index
items: Contents: Vol 32, Issues 1—4
items: APPLICATION OF EXTRACTED COLORANT FROM A BI-MIXTURE OF COCOA (Theobroma cacao L.) AND CUTCH (Acacia catechu) FOR COTTON DYEING
items: EXPLORATORY QUALITY BY DESIGN STUDY OF LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE EMULGELS
items: EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES USING NON - NEWTONIAN NANOFLUID OF SiO2-WATER-EUTECTIC SOLVENT IN A PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER
items: ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING PREDICTIONS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CI ENGINE WITH DIESEL AND BIODIESEL BLEND
items: List of Referees April 2025 to February 2026
items: INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF DEMULSIFIERS IN BREAKING STABLE WATER–OIL EMULSIONS
items: Erratum to: Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon produced from hazelnut peels by chemical activation
items: Taraxacum officinale EXTRACT AS A GREEN ALTERNATIVE FOR CORROSION CONTROL OF STEEL IN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT
items: Enhancing pH Control in a Bioreactor Through Experimental System Identification and Dynamic Analysis
items: TECHNO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF ETHYL ESTER BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
items: ADVANCED pH NEUTRALIZATION CONTROL USING MODEL REFERENCE ADAPTIVE CONTROL (MRAC) WITH MIT RULE
items: ADVISORY-BASED PRODUCT CONFIGURATOR USED IN CHILLER CONFIGURATION AND EVALUATION
items: INFRARED DRYING OF CARROT SLICES: EFFECT OF POWER LEVELS ON KINETICS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
items: CROSS-FLOW MICROFILTRATION OF TRADITIONAL KOMBUCHA BEVERAGE USING CERAMIC TUBULAR MEMBRANE
items: 3D FLOW DYNAMICS OF HYBRID NANOFLUID UNDER RADIATION AND ACTIVATION ENERGY
items: APPLICATION OF MEMBRANE PROCESSES IN THE DEHYDRATION OF BIOETHANOL
items: ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING WITH ETHYLENE GLYCOL MIXED ELECTROLYTE ON INCONEL 718
items: PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF ECM PARAMETERS FOR PALLADIUM COATED TOOL ELECTRODE USING MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS METHOD
items: POTENTIAL OF ULTRASONIC IRRADIATION IN POLYURETHANE DEGRADATION IN DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS
items: STUDY OF COMBUSTION AND PERFORMANCE IN A DIESEL ENGINE FUELED BY BIODIESEL-NANOPARTICLE BLENDS
items: DESIGN OF INDUSTRY-CENTRIC CONTROLLER FOR MIMO CSTH PROCESS WITH ENHANCED DISTURBANCE REJECTION
items: HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF MICRO-POLAR FLUID FLOW OVER AN EXPANDING/CONTRACTING PERMEABLE PLANE WALL
items: FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF GERANIOL FROM Cymbopogon martinii ESSENTIAL OIL
items: COMBUSTION, PERFORMANCE, AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A CI ENGINE USING Borassus flabellifer BIODIESEL BLENDS
items: APPLYING DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY TO PREDICT THE REDUCTION POTENTIAL IN THE INDIGO DYEING PROCESS
items: GLUTEN AND GLUTEN-FREE BISCUITS WITH FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS: PHYSICOCHEMICAL, NUTRITIONAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
items: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MORINGA OIL AND RUBBER SEED OIL BIODIESELS IN DIESEL ENGINES
items: SPRAY DRYING OF PHOSPHATE-SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NEW BIOFERTILIZERS

Author Index
type: item
description: Author Index
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
subject: -
  topic: keywords
creator: -
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 369
ending page: 371
doi: 10.2298/

Contents: Vol 32, Issues 1—4
type: item
description: Contents: Issues 1—4
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
subject: -
  topic: keywords
creator: -
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 367
ending page: 368
doi: 10.2298/

APPLICATION OF EXTRACTED COLORANT FROM A BI-MIXTURE OF COCOA (Theobroma cacao L.) AND CUTCH (Acacia catechu) FOR COTTON DYEING
type: item
description: The greener technologies, such as radiation treatment, are gaining worldwide fame due to their promising role in reducing effluent pollution. For the current study, two sources of catechin-based natural colorant in binary form have been appraised for cotton using a statistical approach. Dyeing variables were selected through central composite design under response surface methodology and at dyeing conditions, pre, post, and meta mordanting using eco-friendly anchors. It has been found that 25 mL of the binary extract of pH 9, having 2 g/100 mL of salt at 80 °C for 55 minutes after microwave (MW) treatment up to 4 min, has given an excellent yield (K/S = 2.48). Using 1.5% of tannic acid (TA) before dyeing of cotton has given excellent colour strength up to 4.11 K/S, whereas using myrobalan extraction (2%) after dyeing of cotton with binary extract has given better yield (K/S = 2.85) with good colorfastness. It is concluded that a statistical approach in combination with the MW treatment should be used to explore the coloring behavior of plant dyes for cotton under selected conditions, and the addition of eco-friendly additives (mordants) should be used to get colorfast shades.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: cocoa leaves
  topic: keywords
subject: cutch
  topic: keywords
subject: DPPH assay
  topic: keywords
subject: green extraction
  topic: keywords
subject: red sumac
  topic: keywords
subject: myrobalan
  topic: keywords
creator: Umaira Bilal
creator: Shahid Adeel
creator: Shahnaz Parveen Khattak
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Umaira Bilal, Shahid Adeel, Shahnaz Parveen Khattak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-03-10
publication date: 2026-03-10
starting page: 353
ending page: 363
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250322003B

EXPLORATORY QUALITY BY DESIGN STUDY OF LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE EMULGELS
type: item
description: A quality by design/quality risk management-driven early-stage screening was conducted for 4% lidocaine hydrochloride (LHCl) oil-in-water emulgels intended for topical use. A quality target product profile was established and critical quality attributes defined to ensure efficacy, safety, and patient acceptability. Nine formulations (B1–B9) were developed to evaluate the influence of key critical material attributes, Carbopol 940, Tween 80, cetostearyl alcohol (CA), and isopropyl myristate (IPM), on physicochemical properties, rheology, spreadability, and in vitro drug release. All formulations showed acceptable pH, homogeneity, and drug content. Droplet size and polydispersity depended strongly on excipient composition: higher Carbopol and CA increased droplet size, whereas Tween 80 reduced it. Amplitude sweep measurements demonstrated elastic-dominant behavior within the linear viscoelastic region; Carbopol and CA enhanced viscoelastic strength and yield stress, while Tween 80 and IPM exhibited a plasticizing effect. Spreadability was comparable across formulations and reflected shear-thinning behavior. In vitro dissolution revealed formulation-dependent LHCl release, with stronger gel networks associated with slower release. Correlation analysis confirmed significant relationships between CA content, rheological parameters, droplet size, and drug release. Overall, LHCl emulgels can be rationally designed using a quality by design (QbD) approach, with rheology and droplet size serving as key determinants of performance.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: quality by design
  topic: keywords
subject: quality risk management
  topic: keywords
subject: topical drug delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: emulgel formulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Maja Dzepanova
creator: Biljana Stefanovska
creator: Angela Nastevska
creator: Teodora Tasevska
creator: Lina Livrinska Trpevska
creator: Katerina Goracinova
creator: Nikola Geskovski
creator: Maja Simonoska Crcarevska
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maja Dzepanova, Maja Simonoska Crcarevska, Biljana Stefanovska, Angela Nastevska, Teodora Tasevska, Lina Livrinska Trpevska, Katerina Goracinova, Nikola Geskovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-12
publication date: 2026-07-12
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ260303008D

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES USING NON - NEWTONIAN NANOFLUID OF SiO2-WATER-EUTECTIC SOLVENT IN A PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER
type: item
description: The plate heat exchanger is one of the smallest and most efficient heat exchangers on the market. This experiment aims to assess the performance of eutectic solvent-water as a base fluid in a plate heat exchanger. For this study, silicon oxide (SiO2) nanoparticles are synthesized from sugar bagasse and rice husk, using the sol-gel method. SiO2 nanoparticles were used in various ratios (0.15 vol.%, 0.3 vol.%, 0.45 vol.%, 0.6 vol.%, and 0.75 vol.%) in a base fluid (15 vol.% eutectic solvent and 85 vol.% water) to prepare a nanofluid. At three different temperatures, such as 323 and 343 K, with varying flow rates (2-8 L/min) and varying nanoparticle concentrations (0.15% to 0.75%), heat transfer studies were performed, and the results are presented. There was a notable enhancement in the overall heat transfer coefficient by the combination of SiO2 nanoparticles and an eutectic solvent-water-based fluid. It was noted that utilizing the SiO2/eutectic solvent-water nanofluid could significantly reduce the temperature gradient in the heat exchanger and improve its performance. The maximum overall heat transfer coefficient noted was 3162.5 W/m2K at 0.6% volume fraction of nanoparticles, with a flow rate of 8 L/min at a temperature of 343 K.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: base fluid
  topic: keywords
subject: eutectic solvent
  topic: keywords
subject: heat transfer
  topic: keywords
subject: non-Newtonian nanofluid
  topic: keywords
subject: plate heat exchanger
  topic: keywords
subject: SiO2.
  topic: keywords
creator: Srinivasan Periasamy Manikandan
creator: Jayabalan Jayabharathi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Srinivasan Periasamy Manikandan , Jayabalan Jayabharathi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-17
publication date: 2026-02-17
starting page: 343
ending page: 352
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250707001M

ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING PREDICTIONS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CI ENGINE WITH DIESEL AND BIODIESEL BLEND
type: item
description: The current study focused on utilizing an advanced modeling technique to create a one-dimensional model to analyze the full-cycle calculation of a compression ignition (CI) engine fuelled with a biodiesel blend to explore its performance and emission characteristics. The developed model is to solve the equations that govern conservation of energy and mass, which is used to find the rapid changes of gas exchange and combustion process as a function of crank angle degree. The combustion chamber was created as a one-dimensional model by simulation software, comprising two distinct zones: burned and unburned gases. Heat release and emission predictions were derived using simplified reaction mechanisms. The developed combustion model was integrated as a sub-model within the cylinder element of the one-dimensional solver, enabling the exchange of critical parameters such as cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, and heat release rate at each crank-angle increment. The work focused on comparing the peak pressure, heat release rate, oxides of nitrogen, smoke, carbon monoxide, and brake specific fuel consumption of the created model with those of the results obtained from the experimental engine. By comparing the theoretical and experimental results, it was inferred that the theoretical model resulted in comparatively higher peak pressure (41%), higher heat release rate (10.38%), lower carbon monoxide (31%), and lower brake specific fuel consumption (4.7%) than that of the experimental engine for the biodiesel blend. The results of the current study showcased the feasibility of utilizing biodiesel in CI engines with better characteristics, which address the sustainable development goals.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: one-dimensional engine simulation model
  topic: keywords
subject: biodiesel
  topic: keywords
subject: diesel engine
  topic: keywords
subject: emission
  topic: keywords
subject: combustion
  topic: keywords
creator: Saravanan Subramani
creator: Sankar Manoharan
creator: Ravi Govindasamy
creator: Paul Durai Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saravanan Subramani, Sankar Manoharan, Ravi Govindasamy, Paul Durai Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-02-15
publication date: 2026-02-15
starting page: 331
ending page: 342
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250615002S

List of Referees April 2025 to February 2026
type: item
description: The Journal of Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering (CI&CEQ) thanks the reviewers who generously contributed their time to the peer review process. The effective and continuous running of CI&CEQ could not have been possible without their contribution.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
subject: -
  topic: keywords
creator: -
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
doi: 10.2298/

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF DEMULSIFIERS IN BREAKING STABLE WATER–OIL EMULSIONS
type: item
description: The article explores the mechanism of the effect of reagents used for the demulsification of stable water-oil emulsions, which are widespread in oil production and transportation processes. In this regard, the demulsifying properties of the DR-1502 demulsifier used in SOCAR and the new YK-1 composition prepared on its basis are comparatively studied at different temperatures. The studies are conducted in laboratory conditions, and the reduction in the residual water content and the rate of emulsion separation into phases are taken as the main evaluation criteria for each system. The experiments conducted show that the temperature factor directly affects the stability of the emulsion. Thus, when the temperature increases, the emulsion breakdown intensifies, and the separation of the water phase significantly increases. The highest effectiveness of the DR-1502 demulsifier is achieved at a temperature of 70 °C and a concentration of 1000 ppm, and at this time the residual water content decreases to the minimum. YK-1 shows the same performance at lower temperatures and at half the concentration, as the acetone enhances diffusion and surface activity. The results show that YK-1 synergistically enhances DR-1502, increasing its interfacial activity and enabling demulsification with lower energy use.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: demulsification process
  topic: keywords
subject: DR-1502 reagent
  topic: keywords
subject: YK-1 composition
  topic: keywords
subject: optimal concentration
  topic: keywords
subject: synergistic effect
  topic: keywords
subject: water content
  topic: keywords
creator: Guseyn Gurbanov
creator: Manaf Manafov
creator: Hajar Aliyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Guseyn Gurbanov, Manaf Manafov, Hajar Aliyeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-10
publication date: 2026-07-10
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ260407009G

Erratum to: Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon produced from hazelnut peels by chemical activation
type: item
description: Erratum to: Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon produced from hazelnut peels by chemical activation DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/CICEQ240807005K Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 32 (1) (2026) 15–24
subject: Erratum
  topic: section
creator: -
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 365
ending page: 365
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ251218034E

Taraxacum officinale EXTRACT AS A GREEN ALTERNATIVE FOR CORROSION CONTROL OF STEEL IN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT
type: item
description: Abstract This study investigates the potential of Taraxacum officinale (TO) root extract as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for two types of steel, TH-550 and TS-275, in an acidic environment. The corrosion inhibition was assessed by monitoring the weight loss of steel samples over a 72-hour immersion period in four different solutions: blank 4% HCl solution and 4% HCl solutions containing 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/L of TO root extract. The inhibitor efficiency, calculated from weight loss data, ranged from 70% to 89%. Surface analysis of the steel samples, conducted after 24 hours of immersion, revealed the formation of a uniform protective film on the steel exposed to the inhibited solutions, while samples in the blank acidic solution showed significant corrosion. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis identified key metal-complexing functional groups in the TO root extract, including aromatic C—H, C—O, C=O, and O—H, which are likely responsible for the interaction with the steel surface. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements indicated that the TO root extract acts as an anodic corrosion inhibitor, with the ability to cover up to 88% of the steel surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, in combination with polarization and weight loss results, demonstrated that the inhibitor efficiency of the TO root extract increases with concentration.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: corrosion
  topic: keywords
subject: green inhibitors
  topic: keywords
subject: environmentally friendly
  topic: keywords
subject: dandelion root extract
  topic: keywords
subject: electrochemistry
  topic: keywords
creator: Milorad Tomić
creator: Marija Mitrović
creator: Regina Fuchs-Godec
creator: Nebojša Vasiljević
creator: Dragan Tošković
creator: Miomir Pavlović
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Milorad Tomić, Marija Mitrović, Regina Fuchs-Godec, Nebojša Vasiljević, Dragan Tošković, Miomir Pavlović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-17
publication date: 2025-12-17
starting page: 311
ending page: 320
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250322029T

Enhancing pH Control in a Bioreactor Through Experimental System Identification and Dynamic Analysis
type: item
description: The acidic by-products produced during fermentation can cause a drop in pH, which in turn affects the microorganisms' growth and the product's formation. In order to keep pH at the desired level, process control becomes necessary. The aim of this study is to develop a predictive model for pH behavior during the fermentation of Clostridium acetobutylicum through dynamic analysis and system identification. The First Order Plus Dead Time (FOPDT) model and the second-order Autoregressive Moving Average with Exogenous (ARMAX) model were the two approaches that were compared. While the FOPDT model was used to derive the PID controller parameters through transient analysis, the Smith and linear regression methods, the ARMAX model—identified with the Recursive Least Squares (RLS) method—was chosen for its better accuracy in capturing input-output dynamics. PID tuning was done with the Cohen-Coon method. The simulation results showed that setpoint tracking was successfully done, and the ARMAX model provided a more accurate representation of the system. The optimized PID controller recorded the minimum Integral of Squared Error (ISE) value of 50.82. This study points out effective modeling and control strategies for the production of stable pH during fermentation, thus providing very useful knowledge for other bioprocesses that require precise control.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: Dynamic analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: system identification
  topic: keywords
subject: FOPDT model;
  topic: keywords
subject: ARMAX model
  topic: keywords
subject: theoretical PID control
  topic: keywords
creator: Zeynep Yilmazer Hitit
creator: Gamze Demirtas
creator: Bulent Akay
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zeynep Yilmazer Hitit, Gamze Demirtas, Bulent Akay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 297
ending page: 310
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250610032H

TECHNO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF ETHYL ESTER BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
type: item
description: Biodiesel is a key fuel for a zero-carbon future. Enzymatic synthesis using renewable materials can make it even more environmentally friendly. However, high enzyme costs and limited reuse hinder its economic feasibility. This study assessed the techno-economic and environmental performance of different processes for ethyl ester biodiesel production. The scenarios evaluated include: transesterification of soybean degummed oil using free and immobilized Eversa Transform 2.0, chemical alkaline catalysis of soybean oil, and transesterification of waste oil using ET. The main metrics were net present value and global warming potential. Results showed that the free enzyme outperformed the immobilized enzyme economically. However, chemical catalysis had an NPV nearly double that of the best free enzyme option. Sensitivity analysis revealed that enzyme cost and reuse rate were critical to net present value. Transesterification of waste oil with enzyme reuse had the lowest GWP (4.21 g CO2eq/MJ), making it the most environmentally favorable scenario. While life cycle assessment indicated lower global warming potential for enzymatic catalysis, further study is needed on emissions from enzymes. Depending on the enzyme and reuse rate, chemical catalysis might result in lower overall emissions. Integration with the biorefinery makes large-scale enzymatic biodiesel production economically viable and with low CO2eq emissions.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: biorefinery
  topic: keywords
subject: biodiesel production
  topic: keywords
subject: lipase reuse
  topic: keywords
subject: LCA
  topic: keywords
subject: economic evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: sensitivity analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Ediane S. Alves
creator: Simone C. Miyoshi
creator: Andrew M. Elias
creator: Potrich Erich
creator: Letícia P. Miranda
creator: Paulo W. Tardioli
creator: Roberto C. Giordano
creator: Felipe F. Furlan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ediane S. Alves, Simone C. Miyoshi, Andrew M. Elias, Letícia P. Miranda, Paulo W. Tardioli, Roberto C. Giordano, Felipe F. Furlan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 281
ending page: 296
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250525031A

ADVANCED pH NEUTRALIZATION CONTROL USING MODEL REFERENCE ADAPTIVE CONTROL (MRAC) WITH MIT RULE
type: item
description: This study presents the design and implementation of a Model Reference Adaptive Controller (MRAC) using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) rule for a pH neutralization process in a continuous reactor. The inherent nonlinearity of acid-base reactions makes conventional Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) control insufficient in handling rapid pH variations. To address this, an adaptive control strategy was proposed, allowing the system to dynamically adjust control parameters based on real-time deviations from the reference model. The adaptation gain (γ) played a critical role in system stability and performance, with simulations and experimental results confirming that γ = 0.025 yielded optimal response characteristics. Higher adaptation gains accelerated convergence but introduced oscillations, while lower values slowed the response. MATLAB/Simulink simulations and real-time experimental validation demonstrated that MRAC effectively stabilized the system, achieving faster settling time and improved tracking performance compared to PID control. The findings suggest that MRAC with the MIT rule is a viable alternative for complex nonlinear processes, offering improved robustness against disturbances and set-point variations. Further enhancements, including the Normalized MIT rule and polynomial modeling, could further refine the controller’s effectiveness in industrial applications.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: model reference adaptive control (MRAC)
  topic: keywords
subject: MIT rule
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptation gain
  topic: keywords
subject: PID control,
  topic: keywords
subject: nonlinear systems
  topic: keywords
subject: pH neutralization
  topic: keywords
creator: Zeynep Yilmazer Hitit
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zeynep Yilmazer Hitit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
starting page: 269
ending page: 280
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250618027H

ADVISORY-BASED PRODUCT CONFIGURATOR USED IN CHILLER CONFIGURATION AND EVALUATION
type: item
description: This article presents the architecture and functional principle of an advisory-based product configurator. The program is used to create new and modify similar product configurations and is intended for users without in-depth expertise in technical fields. Due to its architecture, the configurator is designed to utilise the knowledge stored in the knowledge database. The selection is based on a combination of fuzzy inference rules and mapping techniques. Knowledge regarding the product is captured by using component-based matrices. The possibility of adding new knowledge and new rules is also provided. All this enables the configurator to link customer requirements and offers the possibility of selecting one or more products. In addition, it evaluates possible product variants based on the parameters specified by the user. The graphical representation of the results obtained includes the product technical documentation as well as a matrix representation of all the selected components and modules. The functional principle and evaluation of the product selection are demonstrated using a case study of a chiller for installation in an industrial plant. During the selection and evaluation of the chiller, better system performance is achieved with a chiller that has a water-based condenser.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: product configurator architecture
  topic: keywords
subject: fuzzy inference rule
  topic: keywords
subject: matrix representation
  topic: keywords
subject: CCM methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: product selection
  topic: keywords
creator: Krešimir Osman
creator: Mato Perić
creator: Dragi Stamenković
creator: Mihailo Lazarević
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Krešimir Osman, Mato Perić, Dragi Stamenković, Mihailo Lazarević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-04
publication date: 2025-12-04
starting page: 257
ending page: 267
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250409030O

INFRARED DRYING OF CARROT SLICES: EFFECT OF POWER LEVELS ON KINETICS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
type: item
description: The aim of this study is to optimize the drying conditions for yellow carrots by investigating the effects of varying infrared (IR) power levels on drying kinetics. Following drying tests at IR power levels of 38, 50, 62, 74, and 88 W, the initial moisture content of carrot slices (6.95 kg water/kg dry matter) was decreased to 0.11 kg water/kg dry matter. Drying times ranged from 300 minutes at 38 W to 110 minutes at 88 W, demonstrating an inverse relationship between IR power and drying duration. Higher IR power levels accelerated the drying rate by enhancing energy transfer, which promoted moisture removal efficiency. Effective diffusion coefficients, calculated as ranging from 7.73×10-10 to 2.21×10-9 m²/s for the power levels of 38 W to 88 W, indicate an increase in moisture migration with higher power. The process's energy requirements were reflected in the activation energy for moisture diffusion (1.967 kW/kg). The Midilli and Kucuk model offered the best fit for characterizing the drying behaviour, and statistical analysis validated the model's correctness. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing IR drying conditions to enhance the efficiency and quality of yellow carrot drying processes.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: Infrared drying
  topic: keywords
subject: mathematical modelling
  topic: keywords
subject: drying kinetics
  topic: keywords
subject: diffusion coefficient
  topic: keywords
subject: activation energy
  topic: keywords
creator: Mehmet Soydan
creator: İbrahim Doyma
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mehmet Soydan, İbrahim Doyma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-02
publication date: 2025-12-02
starting page: 245
ending page: 255
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250628028S

CROSS-FLOW MICROFILTRATION OF TRADITIONAL KOMBUCHA BEVERAGE USING CERAMIC TUBULAR MEMBRANE
type: item
description: The traditional kombucha beverage is produced through the metabolic activity of the microorganisms present in the kombucha culture on sweetened black tea at room temperature. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of cross-flow microfiltration on the quality of the produced beverage. The produced beverage was microfiltered to assess the effect of cross-flow microfiltration on its quality. The quality characteristics examined included pH, total acidity, total soluble solids, turbidity, organic acids, in vitro antioxidant potential, and vitamin C as an antioxidant compound. The operational parameters of the process were transmembrane pressure (0.2, 0.6, and 1 bar) and feed flow rate (30, 90, and 150 Lh-1). The maximum permeate flux was achieved at the highest feed flow rates and transmembrane pressures. Microfiltration maintained (pH, total acidity, total soluble solids, lactic, formic, and oxalic acid), improved (turbidity and acetic acid), but also declined (malonic acid, vitamin C, and antioxidant potential), the quality of the traditional beverage. After the microfiltration, turbidity was reduced by 7-9 times, and the content of acetic acid amounted to around 1.20 g/L. The lowering of acetic acid content indicated the inhibition of acid buildup. Values of the coefficient of retention for all of the examined quality parameters, except turbidity, suggested that the overall influence of microfiltration was moderate.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: SCOBY
  topic: keywords
subject: membrane filtration
  topic: keywords
subject: physicochemical properties,
  topic: keywords
subject: biological potential
  topic: keywords
creator: Jasmina Vitas
creator: Aleksandar Jokić
creator: Nataša Lukić
creator: Selena Dmitrović
creator: Danica Piper
creator: Radomir Malbaša
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jasmina Vitas , Aleksandar Jokić , Nataša Lukić , Selena Dmitrović , Danica Piper , Radomir Malbaša https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 235
ending page: 244
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250403026V

3D FLOW DYNAMICS OF HYBRID NANOFLUID UNDER RADIATION AND ACTIVATION ENERGY
type: item
description: This article seeks to study magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and the porosity of hybrid nanofluid on a three-dimensional stagnation point over the sinusoidal radius of a circular cylinder. The nodal and saddle stagnation points are analysed through graphs for radiation, viscous dissipation, heat transfer, and activation energy employed in mass transfer. With the use of similarity variables, the nonlinear Partial Differential Equation (PDE) was converted to an Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE), which MATLAB's bvp4c solver then resolved. The skin friction and Nusselt number give good agreement with previously published findings pertaining to the saddle and nodal positions at ratios of velocity gradients of -0.5 and 0.5. This study offers a novel analysis of concentration distribution at the boundary layer for a hybrid nanofluid system made up of magnesium oxide (MgO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2). The significance of activation energy is highlighted, as its influence on the concentration distribution in the stagnation point flow of hybrid nanofluid has not been thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Graphical representations are provided for the effects of MHD, porosity, radiation, viscous dissipation, and activation energy on temperature, velocity, and concentration of fluid flow.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: circular cylinder
  topic: keywords
subject: three-dimensional flow
  topic: keywords
subject: combined MgO–TiO2 nanofluid
  topic: keywords
subject: thermal and mass transfer
  topic: keywords
creator: Rajasekar Sivasankari
creator: Nallathambi Golden Stepha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rajasekar Sivasankari, Nallathambi Golden Stepha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-10
publication date: 2026-07-10
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ251210006S

APPLICATION OF MEMBRANE PROCESSES IN THE DEHYDRATION OF BIOETHANOL
type: item
description: Bioethanol is an extremely important raw material on the world market that is used in various industries. The purification processes most commonly used in modern biorefineries include distillation for ethanol extraction, followed by zeolite adsorption for bioethanol dehydration. Both processes are very energy-intensive. Membrane separation processes have significant potential to replace both steps in bioethanol production, which could significantly lower operating costs and reduce production costs. This paper describes the implementation of pervapo-ration and vapour permeation in the bioethanol dehydration process. The aim is to increase the ethanol concentration from 96% vol. at the outlet of the distillation column to over 99% vol. by using hydrophilic membranes that are able to selectively pass water molecules and thus remove them from the bioethanol. Based on the existing literature, the study determines the optimal process parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, and pressure on the permeate side. Furthermore, the performance of different organic, inorganic, and composite membranes is presented, and the maintenance of these parameters, as well as the decreasing performance of the materials during prolonged use, is discussed.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: pervaporation
  topic: keywords
subject: vapour permeation
  topic: keywords
subject: zeolite membranes
  topic: keywords
subject: composite membranes
  topic: keywords
subject: polymeric materials
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrija Erdeš
creator: Ivan Urošević
creator: Vesna Radojičić
creator: Tijana Urošević
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Andrija Erdeš, Ivan Urošević, Vesna Radojičić, Tijana Urošević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ251016005E

ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING WITH ETHYLENE GLYCOL MIXED ELECTROLYTE ON INCONEL 718
type: item
description: Electrochemical machining is a non-traditional machining process, especially for difficult-to-cut materials. An electrolyte was prepared with ethylene glycol (EG) 30 vol% and distilled water 70 vol% as a solution with the combination of NaNO3, and stainless steel electrodes coated with polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and commercially available ceramic paste. Inconel 718 was used as a workpiece material in this study. L9 orthogonal array (OA) experiments are conducted for both sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and EG+NaNO3 electrolyte. The process parameters are optimized using Preference Ranking Organisation Method of Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE II) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). According to the multi-criteria decision-making method, the optimal parameter combination of both electrolytes is stainless steel electrode at 9 V, 70% duty cycle, 28 g×L-1 electrolyte concentration and ceramic coated electrode at 13 V, 80% duty cycle, 28 g×L-1 electrolyte concentration. The results of PROMETHEE II were verified using the developed ANN architecture. ECM performance was significantly improved by adding EG to the sodium nitrate electrolyte. EG significantly improved the material removal efficiency by increasing the average machining rate (MR) by 69.70%. Concurrently, the diametral overcut (DOC) dropped by roughly 27.4%, indicating a significant improvement in dimensional accuracy. Only a slight rise of about 1.6% was seen in the surface corrosion factor (SCF), indicating that the addition of EG has no negative effects on surface integrity.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: ethylene glycol
  topic: keywords
subject: ceramic coating
  topic: keywords
subject: polyvinylacetate
  topic: keywords
subject: PROMETHEEII
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial neural network
  topic: keywords
creator: Pradeep Kumar Gunasekaran
creator: Thanigaivelan Rajasekaran
creator: Viswanathan Rangasamy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pradeep Kumar Gunasekaran, Thanigaivelan Rajasekaran, Viswanathan Rangasamy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-22
publication date: 2025-12-22
starting page: 321
ending page: 330
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ251005033G

PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF ECM PARAMETERS FOR PALLADIUM COATED TOOL ELECTRODE USING MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS METHOD
type: item
description: Electrochemical machining is an important process for fabricating difficult-to-cut materials. It is a much more advantageous process for creating excellent surface quality on a wide range of conductive materials. In this research, the electrode (cathode) is coated with less resistive palladium material through a sputtering process, and sodium electrolyte is added with 10 gl-1 ascorbic acid to improve Local electrolysis and reduce the sludge generation. The process parameters, specifically electrolyte concentration, machining voltage, duty cycle, and frequency, were varied on machining rate and overcut using the L27 orthogonal array experimental plan. ÉLimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité (ELECTRE) is employed to find a suitable solution. Based on the ELECTRE method, the best factor combination is 29 g L-1electrolyte concentration, 12 V, 70% duty cycle, and 80 Hz frequency. The analysis of variance shows that machining voltage and electrolyte concentration are the considerable factors, with contribution percentages of 43.93% and 23.34%, respectively. As per the mean effect plot, the optimal combination is 29 g L-1electrolyte concentration, 12 V, 90% duty cycle, and 80 Hz frequency.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: Machining rate
  topic: keywords
subject: overcut
  topic: keywords
subject: orthogonal array
  topic: keywords
subject: ANOVA
  topic: keywords
subject: ascorbic acid
  topic: keywords
subject: sputtering
  topic: keywords
creator: Nethaji Subash Chandra Bose Ayyavoo
creator: Saravanan Kandasamy Ganesan
creator: Niranjan Thiruchinapalli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-13
publication date: 2025-09-13
starting page: 225
ending page: 233
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250516025B

POTENTIAL OF ULTRASONIC IRRADIATION IN POLYURETHANE DEGRADATION IN DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS
type: item
description: This study explores the degradation of polyurethane (PU) using deep eutectic solvents (DES) combined with ultrasonic irradiation, aiming to develop sustainable recycling techniques for PU waste. DES, formed from choline chloride and urea, possesses environmentally friendly properties such as low toxicity and high solubility, making it suitable for chemical recycling. Degradation experiments were conducted at elevated temperatures (130-150 °C), both with and without ultrasonic assistance. The technique of GPC is applied to determine the molecular weight of raw PU and the degradation product. The structures of DES, PU, and its degradation products were analysed using FTIR and NMR. The results indicate that the application of ultrasonics significantly enhances the degradation rate at approximately 5.20% from 58.51 ± 0.04% to 63.71 ± 0.03% at a constant temperature of 150 °C. This improvement is attributed to cavitation-induced effects, which facilitate polymer chain breakdown. Molecular transformations were confirmed through the presence of NH₃ groups resulting from the break of the PU structure to form o-toluidine, as identified by NMR. Reaction pathways were established through structural analysis of both raw PU and its degradation products. These findings demonstrate the potential of ultrasonic-assisted DES in advancing chemical recycling strategies for PU, addressing environmental concerns related to persistent PU waste, and promoting sustainable waste management practices.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: Ultrasonic
  topic: keywords
subject: Polymer recycling
  topic: keywords
subject: o-toluidine
  topic: keywords
creator: Amirah Nasuha Mohd Razib
creator: Nik Muhammad Azhar Nik Daud
creator: Mohd Al Hafiz Mohd Nawi
creator: Banu Ramasamy
creator: Mohd Sharizan Sharizan Md Sarip
creator: Amirul Ridzuan Abu Bakar
creator: Mohd Asraf Mohd Zainudin
creator: Ahmad Hazim Abdul Aziz
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Amirah Nasuha Mohd Razib, Nik Muhammad Azhar Nik Daud, Mohd Al Hafiz Mohd Nawi, Banu Ramasamy, Mohd Sharizan Sharizan Md Sarip, Amirul Ridzuan Abu Bakar, Mohd Asraf Mohd Zainudin, Ahmad Hazim Abdul Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
starting page: 213
ending page: 223
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250403023N

STUDY OF COMBUSTION AND PERFORMANCE IN A DIESEL ENGINE FUELED BY BIODIESEL-NANOPARTICLE BLENDS
type: item
description: This study examines the combustion and performance of avocado waste peel biodiesel (AWPB) combined with graphene oxide nanoplates (GONPs) as a substitute fuel for diesel engines. It also aims to assess the impact of engine combustion and performance while considering the feasibility of employing waste materials in fuel generation. The test fuels diesel, AWPB, AWPB+GONPs 50 ppm, and AWPB+GONPs 100 ppm were evaluated. The results showed that in-cylinder pressure in AWPB decreased by approximately 3.6% compared to diesel, while the heat release rate (HRR) increased notably in the AWPB+GONPs 100 ppm blend. Additionally, diesel exhibited higher ignition delay (ID) and combustion duration (CD) than all biodiesel blends. The addition of GONPs in AWPB led to a 5.98% increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and a 30.12% reduction in brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) compared to diesel. However, diesel still demonstrated higher engine torque, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), and air-fuel ratio (A/F ratio) relative to biodiesel fuels, whereas AWPB showed a higher exhaust gas temperature (EGT). These findings suggest that avocado peel biodiesel, when enhanced with GONPs, is a viable and cleaner alternative to conventional diesel, offering improved combustion efficiency and reduced energy consumption.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: waste to energy
  topic: keywords
subject: avocado waste peel biodiesel
  topic: keywords
subject: graphene oxide nanoplates
  topic: keywords
subject: performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohanrajhu Nathamuni
creator: Premkumar Duraisamy
creator: Rajakumar Muthusamy Palani
creator: Padmavathi Kuppusamy Ramamoorthy
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Mohanrajhu Nathamuni, Premkumar Duraisamy, Rajakumar Muthusamy Palani, Padmavathi Kuppusamy Ramamoorthy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-09-08
publication date: 2025-09-08
starting page: 199
ending page: 212
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ241112024N

DESIGN OF INDUSTRY-CENTRIC CONTROLLER FOR MIMO CSTH PROCESS WITH ENHANCED DISTURBANCE REJECTION
type: item
description: This paper focuses on designing an advanced control scheme tailored for large-scale industrial processes, where controllers must maintain effective performance despite significant disturbances and setpoint changes. The primary focus of the proposed RTD-A controller is on robust disturbance rejection. RTD-A possesses the benefits of both conventional PID and MPC control schemes. As model-based methods face challenges in addressing increasingly complex processes, data-driven techniques have gained popularity in industrial system monitoring due to their ability to handle unknown physical models. In this work, both the first-principle and transfer function models of the CSTH system are developed using real-time data and represented as a multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) system. PID, MPC, and RTD-A controllers are then applied to regulate the temperatures of the two tanks. The performance of these controllers is carefully examined using integral performance criteria and the time domain analysis to accurately assess their dynamic behavior and control precision. The results demonstrate that the RTD-A controller exhibits superior performance in mitigating disturbances. The RTD-A control strategy exhibits outstanding performance with near-zero overshoot (0% in servo and about 0.05% in regulatory responses) and stable settling times close to 430 - 440 seconds in both tanks. Although MPC and PID controllers offer quicker responses, their greater overshoot and longer settling times establish RTD-A as the preferred method for achieving reliable, precise, and safe control in industrial processes.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: CSTH
  topic: keywords
subject: MIMO
  topic: keywords
subject: PID
  topic: keywords
subject: MPC
  topic: keywords
subject: RTD-A
  topic: keywords
subject: Disturbance Rejection.
  topic: keywords
creator: Pream Anand Siva Shankaran
creator: Manamalli Deivasikamani
creator: Vasanthi Damodaran
creator: Mythily Mani
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Pream Anand Siva Shankaran, Manamalli Deivasikamani, Vasanthi Damodaran, Mythily Mani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-08-14
publication date: 2025-08-14
starting page: 187
ending page: 198
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250306022S

HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF MICRO-POLAR FLUID FLOW OVER AN EXPANDING/CONTRACTING PERMEABLE PLANE WALL
type: item
description: This research examines the stagnation-point flow of a micropolar fluid flowing past a porous, stretching or contracting flat plate, incorporating velocity and thermal slip boundary conditions. The governing partial differential equations are converted into corresponding ordinary differential equations by employing similarity transformations, which are subsequently evaluated numerically by applying a shooting technique. The influence of principal physical parameters on the distributions of velocity, microrotation, and temperature is explored and depicted through graphical representations. Furthermore, computed results for the wall shear stress coefficient and the heat transfer rate across a range of parameter values are provided in tabular format.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: boundary layer
  topic: keywords
subject: momentum transfer
  topic: keywords
subject: shooting technique
  topic: keywords
subject: slip velocity
  topic: keywords
subject: heat source/sink
  topic: keywords
creator: Radhakrishnan Muthukrishnan
creator: Palani Govindasamy
creator: Parthiban Ramachandran
creator: Chandrasekaran Ekambaram
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Radhakrishnan Muthukrishnan, Palani Govindasamy, Parthiban Ramachandran, Chandrasekaran Ekambaram https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-26
publication date: 2026-05-26
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250815004M

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF GERANIOL FROM Cymbopogon martinii ESSENTIAL OIL
type: item
description: Vacuum fractional distillation was applied to isolate geraniol from raw Cymbopogon martinii essential oil. Due to the close boiling points of geraniol and geranyl acetate under reduced pressure, complete separation of geranyl acetate was not achievable. However, the presence of geranyl acetate did not diminish the value of the fractionated oil owing to its pleasant aroma. To optimize the distillation process, three key parameters - packing type, column height, and operating pressure - were systematically investigated. The obtained fractions were evaluated based on yield, purity, recovery, and GC-MS analysis. Under optimal conditions, geraniol content reached 71.35% with a recovery rate of 71.50%, while the combined content of geraniol and geranyl acetate attained 93.67%. This study provided valuable insights into optimizing vacuum fractional distillation for isolating geraniol-rich fractions from palmarosa essential oil, improving product quality while minimizing thermal degradation. The findings contribute to the advancement of extraction technologies for bioactive compounds, with potential applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and aromatherapy industries.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: geraniol
  topic: keywords
subject: vacuum fractional distillation
  topic: keywords
subject: palmarosa essential oil
  topic: keywords
subject: Cymbopogon martinii
  topic: keywords
creator: Xuan-Tien Le
creator: Thai-Hung Vo
creator: Thanh Ngoc Nguyen
creator: Minh-Chau Pham-Vu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Xuan-Tien Le, Thai-Hung Vo, Thanh Ngoc Nguyen, Minh-Chau Pham-Vu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-07-22
publication date: 2026-07-22
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ251210007L

COMBUSTION, PERFORMANCE, AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A CI ENGINE USING Borassus flabellifer BIODIESEL BLENDS
type: item
description: Borassus flabellifer methyl esters (BFMEs) have a few attractive characteristics that make them a potential rival to diesel and other alternative fuels. This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of its performance, combustion, and emission characteristics in a diesel engine. In addition to a high calorific value, a high cetane number, and the availability of oxygen, constituting 10% of its total weight, it is also readily available. Experimental testing of BFMEs was conducted on a single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine in this stage. BFMEs were blended with diesel at various concentrations (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). Blends of BFMEs were experimentally examined for their combustion properties, emissions, and performance. The CI engine was set to steady-state operation so that it would reach the optimum temperature for the conditions in which it was operating. Initially, it was found that neat BFMEs had the lowest thermal efficiency, while BFME20, BFME40, BFME60, and BFME80 all had a higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) than BFME100 at rated load conditions (by 5.1%, 2.8%, 2.0%, and 1.4%, respectively). Compared to other blends, BFME20 and BFME40 have better fuel efficiency. Fuel efficiency was improved by a reason-able amount, and BFME20's consumption was reduced by 5.1% compared to BFME100. Compared to diesel, hydrocarbons, CO, and smoke emissions from BFME20 were reduced by 9.9%, 5.8%, and 3.71%, respectively. These results underscore the potential of low-ratio BFME blends as cleaner and more efficient biodiesel alternatives, highlighting BFME’s practical applicability in existing diesel engines without major modifications.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: Biodiesel
  topic: keywords
subject: Borassus flabellifer
  topic: keywords
subject: Combustion
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance and emission characteristics
  topic: keywords
creator: Sakthi Rajan Chandramurthy
creator: Silambarasan Ragunathan
creator: Ramesh Kumar Ayyakkannu
creator: Anbarasan Baluchamy
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Sakthi Rajan Chandramurthy, Silambarasan Ragunathan, Ramesh Kumar Ayyakkannu, Anbarasan Baluchamy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-17
publication date: 2025-07-17
starting page: 163
ending page: 173
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250226019C

APPLYING DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY TO PREDICT THE REDUCTION POTENTIAL IN THE INDIGO DYEING PROCESS
type: item
description: This study employs density functional theory (DFT) to quantify the electron donor-acceptor properties and polarizability of organic iron(II) salts as reducing agents in indigo dyeing processes. The potential of some iron(II) salts to serve as environmentally friendly alternatives to the ecologically harmful sodium dithionite in the indigo dyeing process was investigated. A comparative analysis assessed the redox potential of reduced indigo and the color strength of dyed fabrics. Experimental results identified iron(II) gluconate as the most efficient, yielding superior color intensity. Theoretical calculations using B3LYP/LANL2DZ confirmed the superior electron-donating ability of iron(II) gluconate compared to the other iron(II) salts. The indigo reduction ability with the iron(II) salts was evaluated on the basis of complexation energies. The theoretical thermodynamic study reveals that the indigo-iron(II) gluconate complex is the most thermodynamically stable, requiring less energy input for its formation compared to the other complexes. Iron(II) salts-to-indigo electron donations in the complexes studied have been revealed by Mulliken charge analysis. These findings highlight the efficiency of DFT-based approaches in accurately predicting the reducing capacity of iron(II) salts and their suitability as eco-friendly alternatives in indigo dyeing applications.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: indigo dyeing
  topic: keywords
subject: iron(II) salts
  topic: keywords
subject: DFT calculations
  topic: keywords
subject: experimental results
  topic: keywords
subject: complexation energy
  topic: keywords
creator: Maha Abdelileh
creator: Manel Ben Ticha
creator: Nizar Meksi
creator: Hatem DhaouadI
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Maha Abdelileh, Manel Ben Ticha, Nizar Meksi, Hatem DhaouadI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
starting page: 153
ending page: 162
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ250317020A

GLUTEN AND GLUTEN-FREE BISCUITS WITH FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS: PHYSICOCHEMICAL, NUTRITIONAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
type: item
description: This study aims to determine the effect of different compounds on the nutritional, antioxidant, microstructural, and color characteristics of biscuits classified as gluten and gluten-free. Namely, biscuits are enriched with dietary fibers, acacia fibers, spent coffee grounds, and anthocyanins. The addition of these functional components to biscuit matrix affected the physical properties of the biscuits; namely, the spread factor value of all biscuits ranged from 2.98 to 7.88, the content of total polyphenols increased, the highest polyphenol content was obtained in the gluten-free biscuits with added coffee grounds (77.98 mg), while in the biscuits with wheat flour has in the range of 44.62–128.63 mg. All gluten-free biscuits can be labeled as products with "rich in fiber" (6.32–7.68 g/100 g) and with a higher antioxidant content compared to biscuits without added ingredients. The total number of microorganisms in the tested cookies is below acceptable limits. The findings of this study show that the inclusion of raw nutritional components in the recipe of traditional gluten and gluten-free biscuits leads to an improvement in the nutritional value and other quality characteristics of the fortified food products.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: Antioxidant activity
  topic: keywords
subject: polyphenol content
  topic: keywords
subject: biscuits
  topic: keywords
subject: gluten-free biscuits
  topic: keywords
creator: Marija Menkinoska
creator: Tatjana Pavlova
creator: Zhivka Goranova
creator: Angelina Sredovska Bozhinov
creator: Zlatin Zlatev
creator: Hyrije Koraqi
creator: Anka Trajkoska Petkoska
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Marija Menkinoska, Tatjana Pavlova, Zhivka Goranova, Angelina Sredovska Bozhinov, Zlatin Zlatev, Hyrije Koraqi, Anka Trajkoska Petkoska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
starting page: 175
ending page: 186
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ241014021M

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MORINGA OIL AND RUBBER SEED OIL BIODIESELS IN DIESEL ENGINES
type: item
description: Energy resources are diminishing, and environmental problems are becoming more prevalent. In this regard, biodiesel from moringa oil (MO) and rubber seed oil (RSO) promises to be an excellent alternative to diesel fuels, while also requiring far less modification from existing diesel engines. Performance metrics analysis reveals that biodiesel consumes a slightly higher amount of fuel at lower loads because of its relatively lower calorific value. At 4.4 kW, MO methyl ester blend (MO20) achieved a brake thermal efficiency of 30%, outperforming diesel (26%) and RSO methyl ester blend (RB20) achieved a brake thermal efficiency of 28%. MO20 reduced CO emissions by 60% compared to diesel and 55% compared to RB20. Furthermore, MO20 increased NOx emissions by 10% at higher brake power levels compared to RB20 and 20% for diesel. RB20 and MO20 biodiesel blends exhibit lower HC compared to diesel by 24% and 28% respectively. These reductions in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions make biodiesel blends, mostly from MO, cleaner and well sustainable compared to conventional diesel, with their environmental and performance benefits for diesel engine applications.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: Biodiesel
  topic: keywords
subject: Biodiesel, diesel engine
  topic: keywords
subject: alternative fuel
  topic: keywords
subject: moringa oil
  topic: keywords
subject: rubber seed oil
  topic: keywords
subject: emissions
  topic: keywords
creator: Venkatesan Subramanian
creator: Raghu Palani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-07-28
publication date: 2025-07-28
starting page: 143
ending page: 151
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ241211018P

SPRAY DRYING OF PHOSPHATE-SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NEW BIOFERTILIZERS
type: item
description: Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria represent a sustainable solution to cope with phosphorus unavailability in agricultural soil. However, the success of their application is highly dependent on multiple environmental factors, and a novel approach is needed for bioformulations. The present study aimed to evaluate the suitability of the spray drying method for encapsulation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum F14/2, Bacillus megaterium 11/3, and Pseudomonas putida P1. Three strains were characterized, grown under optimal conditions, and encapsulated as a whole medium-cell system using the spray drying method and maltodextrin as carrier material. The described procedure provided encapsulates with an average particle size below 5 μm, moisture content under 10%, and satisfactory powder properties. The cell viability of encapsulates (after storage) was in the following order: Bacillus megaterium 11/3 > Azotobacter chroococcum F14/2 > Pseudomonas putida P1. Additional protection during spray drying was most probably achieved by the presence of microbial exopolysaccharides, which opened the possibilities for further optimization of encapsulation procedures.
subject: Article
  topic: section
subject: Azotobacter
  topic: keywords
subject: Pseudomonas
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacillus
  topic: keywords
subject: encapsulation
  topic: keywords
subject: soil
  topic: keywords
creator: Steva M. Lević
creator: Jelena Jovičić-Petrović
creator: Milica Mirković
creator: Slavica Kerečki
creator: Kata Trifković
creator: Viktor Nedović
creator: Vera Raičević
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-08-27
publication date: 2025-08-27
starting page: 133
ending page: 142
doi: 10.2298/CICEQ241216017L